Air Pollution - The Causes and Effect - 1116 Words

Air Pollution - The Causes amp; Effect . Defi-Air pollution, both indoors and outdoors, poses health risks to millions of Americans every day, contributing to asthma, emphysema, heart disease, and other potentially lethal conditions. Managing air pollution causes, and defending successful safeguards like the Clean Air Act, is critical to the human, economic, and environmental health of our communities. America’s power plants are our biggest industrial polluters. Each year they pump more than two billion tons of carbon dioxide into the air. Carbon pollution is causing climate change that drives dangerous heat waves and worsening smog pollution, which causes asthma attacks and other serious respiratory illnesses. Thus climate†¦show more content†¦last revised 7/20/2011 Air Pollution: Smog, Smoke and Pollen National Map: Air Pollution Vulnerability Rising temperatures can make smog pollution worse and increase the number of bad air days when it s hard to breathe. This puts many of us at risk for irritated eyes, noses, and lungs -- but it is particularly dangerous for people with respiratory diseases like asthma. As the climate changes, unhealthy air pollution will get worse. Here s how: Ozone smog forms when pollution from vehicles, factories, and other sources reacts with sunlight and heat. Increasing temperatures speed this process and result in more smog. Added to the mix are ragweed and other allergens in the air -- which are expected to worsen as rising carbon dioxide levels cause plants to produce more pollen. Also, as dry areas get dryer, wildfire risks go up and smoke from burning landscapes intensifies poor air quality. iStockCarbon pollution from vehicles, power plants and other sources drives climate change, increasing ozone smog, allergens, and sending health-harming particles and toxics into the air. Exposure to increased smog, pollen pollution, and wildfire smoke puts a wide range of people at risk for irritated eyes, throats and lung damage (the U.S. EPA likened breathing ozone to getting aShow MoreRelatedWhat Causes Air Pollution And What Effect Does It Have On Us Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesTOPIC: What causes air pollution and what effect does it have on us. SPECIFIC PURPOSE: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to understand what is air pollution, what causes air pollution and what effect does it have on us. INTRODUCTION: What is air? That is the answer I want you to ask yourself. Air is an essential thing we need in our life. It is the most important thing in our life. 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This outrageous number of people dyingRead MoreTypes, Effects, and Controls of Air Pollution936 Words   |  4 PagesTypes, Effects, and Controls of Air Pollution Air pollution depending upon which source you use is broken down in a couple of ways. No matter how you look at it though, air pollution is still air pollution and it is both harmful to humans and the environment. One source breaks air pollution down into two categories or seven primary and two secondary pollutant types (Wright Boorse, 2008, p. 487). 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Air pollution has brought in high increases of poisonous gases that impact the weather by global warming, and the air we breathe. As we breathe this toxic air we get in the same chemicals that are mostly found in cigarettes. Some people could get many diseases breathing this kind of air today, because the cigarettesRead MoreCauses Of Air Pollution Essay874 Words   |  4 PagesAir Pollution Poignant Matters Air pollution refers to a chemical, physical or biological alteration to the atmospheric air. It results whenever harmful gasses, smoke, or dust enters the atmosphere and in turn, hinders the survival of animals and plants as the air contains toxic substances. The survival of human beings and animals greatly depend on the combination of gasses in the atmosphere; slight disruption of this composition can cause devastating effects on their existence. 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Air pollution can be prevented by performing many simple tasks. Air pollution is extremely dangerous to the human body and the environment and should be dealt with more seriously

What Makes an Effective Executive Free Essays

string(84) " the Marie Rankin Clarke Professor of Social Science and Management at the Peter F\." ARTICLE www. hbr. org What Makes an Effective Executive by Peter F Drucker . We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes an Effective Executive or any similar topic only for you Order Now Included with this full-text Harvard Business Review article: 1 Article Summar y The Idea in Brief—the core idea The Idea in Practice—putting the idea to work 2 What Makes an Effective Executive 8 Further Reading A list of related materials, with annotations to guide further exploration of the article’s ideas and applications Product 6980 What Makes an Effective Executive The Idea in Brief The Idea in Practice Worried that you’re not a born leader? That you lack charisma, the right talents, or some other secret ingredient? No need: leadership isn’t about personality or talent. In fact, the best leaders exhibit wildly different personalities, attitudes, values, and strengths— they’re extroverted or reclusive, easygoing or controlling, generous or parsimonious, numbers or vision oriented. GET THE KNOWLEDGE YOU NEED So what do effective leaders have in common? They get the right things done, in the right ways—by following eight simple rules: Ask what needs to be done. When Jack Welch asked this question while taking over as CEO at General Electric, he realized that dropping GE businesses that couldn’t be first or second in their industries as essential—not the overseas expansion he had wanted to launch. Once you know what must be done, identify tasks you’re best at, concentrating on one at a time. After completing a task, reset priorities based on new realities. †¢ Develop action plans. Ask what’s right for the enterprise. Don’t agonize o ver what’s best for owners, investors, employees, or customers. Decisions that are right for your enterprise are ultimately right for all stakeholders. †¢ Take responsibility for decisions. CONVERT YOUR KNOWLEDGE INTO ACTION †¢ Take responsibility for communicating. Develop action plans. Devise plans that specify desired results and constraints (is the course of action legal and compatible with the company’s mission, values, and policies? ). Include check-in points and implications for how you’ll spend your time. And revise plans to reflect new opportunities. †¢ Ask what needs to be done. †¢ Ask what’s right for the enterprise. †¢ Focus on opportunities, not problems. COPYRIGHT  © 2004 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PUBLISHING CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. †¢ Run productive meetings. †¢ Think and say â€Å"We,† not â€Å"I. † Using discipline to apply these rules, you gain the knowledge you need to make mart decisions, convert that knowledge into effective action, and ensure accountability throughout your organization. gies, product innovations, new market structures), asking â€Å"How can we exploit this change to benefit our enterprise? † Then match your best people with the best opportunities. ENSUR E COMPANYWIDE ACCOUNTABILITY Run productive meetings. Articulate each meeting’s purpose (Making an announcement? Delivering a report? ). Terminate the meeting once the purpose is accomplished. Follow up with short communications summarizing the discussion, spelling out new work assignments and deadlines for ompleting them. General Motors CEO Alfred Sloan’s legendary mastery of meeting followup helped secure GM’s industry dominance in the mid-twentieth century. Think and say â€Å"We,† not â€Å"I. † Your authority comes from your organization’s trust in you. To get the best results, always consider your organization’s needs and opportunities before your own. Take responsibility for decisions. Ensure that each decision specifies who’s accountable for carrying it out, when it must be implemented, who’ll be affected by it, and who must be informed. Regularly review decisions, especially hires and promotions. This enables you to correct poor decisions before doing real damage. Take responsibility for communicating. Get input from superiors, subordinates, and peers on your action plans. Let each know what information you need to get the job done. Pay equal attention to peers’ and superiors’ information needs. Focus on opportunities, not problems. You get results by exploiting opportunities, not solving problems. Identify changes inside and outside your organization (new technolopage 1 Great managers may be charismatic or dull, generous or tightfisted, visionary or numbers oriented. But every effective executive follows eight simple practices. What Makes an Effective Executive by Peter F. Drucker COPYRIGHT  © 2004 HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL PUBLISHING CORPORATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. An effective executive does not need to be a leader in the sense that the term is now most commonly used. Harry Truman did not have one ounce of charisma, for example, yet he was among the most effective chief executives in U. S. history. Similarly, some of the best business and nonpro? t CEOs I’ve worked with over a 65-year consulting career were not stereotypical leaders. They were all over the map in terms of their personalities, attitudes, values, strengths, and weaknesses. They ranged from extroverted to nearly reclusive, from easygoing to controlling, from generous to parsimonious. What made them all effective is that they followed the same eight practices: †¢ They asked, â€Å"What needs to be done? † †¢ They asked, â€Å"What is right for the enterprise? † †¢ They developed action plans. †¢ They took responsibility for decisions. †¢ They took responsibility for communicating. †¢ They were focused on opportunities rather than problems. harvard business review †¢ june 2004 They ran productive meetings. †¢ They thought and said â€Å"we† rather than â€Å"I. † The ? rst two practices gave them the knowledge they needed. The next four helped them convert this knowledge into effective action. The last two ensured that the whole organization felt responsible and accountable. Get the K nowledge You Need The ? rst practice is to ask what needs to be done. Note that the question is not â€Å"What do I want to do? † Asking what has to be done, and taking the question seriously, is crucial for managerial success. Failure to ask this question will render even the ablest executive ineffectual. When Truman became president in 1945, he knew exactly what he wanted to do: complete the economic and social reforms of Roosevelt’s New Deal, which had been deferred by World War II. As soon as he asked what needed to be done, though, Truman realized that foreign affairs had absolute priority. He organized his working day so that it began with tutorials on foreign policy by the secretaries of state and page 2 W hat Makes an Effective Executive Peter F. Drucker is the Marie Rankin Clarke Professor of Social Science and Management at the Peter F. You read "What Makes an Effective Executive" in category "Essay examples" Drucker and Masatoshi Ito Graduate School of Management at Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, California. He has written nearly two dozen articles for HBR. harvard business review †¢ june 2004 defense. As a result, he became the most effective president in foreign affairs the United States has ever known. He contained Communism in both Europe and Asia and, with the Marshall Plan, triggered 50 years of worldwide economic growth. Similarly, Jack Welch realized that what needed to be done at General Electric when he took over as chief executive was not the overseas expansion he wanted to launch. It was getting rid of GE businesses that, no matter how pro? able, could not be number one or number two in their industries. The answer to the question â€Å"What needs to be done? † almost always contains more than one urgent task. But effective executives do not splinter themselves. They concentrate on one task if at all possible. If they are among those people—a sizable minority—who work best with a c hange of pace in their working day, they pick two tasks. I have never encountered an executive who remains effective while tackling more than two tasks at a time. Hence, after asking what needs to be done, the effective executive sets priorities and sticks to them. For a CEO, the priority task might be rede? ning the company’s mission. For a unit head, it might be rede? ning the unit’s relationship with headquarters. Other tasks, no matter how important or appealing, are postponed. However, after completing the original top-priority task, the executive resets priorities rather than moving on to number two from the original list. He asks, â€Å"What must be done now? † This generally results in new and different priorities. To refer again to America’s best-known CEO: Every ? ve years, according to his autobiography, Jack Welch asked himself, â€Å"What needs to be done now? And every time, he came up with a new and different priority. But Welch also thought through another issue before deciding where to concentrate his efforts for the next ? ve years. He asked himself which of the two or three tasks at the top of the list he himself was best suited to undertake. Then he concentrated on that task; the others he delega ted. Effective executives try to focus on jobs they’ll do especially well. They know that enterprises perform if top management performs—and don’t if it doesn’t. Effective executives’ second practice—fully as important as the ? rst—is to ask, â€Å"Is this the ight thing for the enterprise? † They do not ask if it’s right for the owners, the stock price, the employees, or the executives. Of course they know that shareholders, employees, and executives are important constituencies who have to support a decision, or at least acquiesce in it, if the choice is to be effective. They know that the share price is important not only for the shareholders but also for the enterprise, since the price/earnings ratio sets the cost of capital. But they also know that a decision that isn’t right for the enterprise will ultimately not be right for any of the stakeholders. This second practice is especially important for executives at family owned or family run businesses—the majority of businesses in every country—particularly when they’re making decisions about people. In the successful family company, a relative is promoted only if he or she is measurably superior to all nonrelatives on the same level. At DuPont, for instance, all top managers (except the controller and lawyer) were family members in the early years when the ? rm was run as a family business. All male descendants of the founders were entitled to entry-level jobs at the company. Beyond the entrance level, a family member got a promotion only if a panel composed primarily of nonfamily managers judged the person to be superior in ability and performance to all other employees at the same level. The same rule was observed for a century in the highly successful British family business J. Lyons Company (now part of a major conglomerate) when it dominated the British food-service and hotel industries. Asking â€Å"What is right for the enterprise? † does not guarantee that the right decision will be made. Even the most brilliant executive is human and thus prone to mistakes and prejudices. But failure to ask the question virtually guarantees the wrong decision. Write an Action Plan Executives are doers; they execute. Knowledge is useless to executives until it has been translated into deeds. But before springing into action, the executive needs to plan his course. He needs to think about desired results, probable restraints, future revisions, check-in points, and implications for how he’ll spend his time. First, the executive de? nes desired results by asking: â€Å"What contributions should the enterprise expect from me over the next 18 months page 3 W hat Makes an Effective Executive Asking what has to be done, and taking the question seriously, is crucial for managerial success. to two years? What results will I commit to? With what deadlines? † Then he considers the restraints on action: â€Å"Is this course of action ethical? Is it acceptable within the organization? Is it legal? Is it compatible with the mission, values, and policies of the organization? † Af? rmative answers don’t guarantee that the action will be effective. But violating these restraints is certain to make it both wrong and ineffectual. The action plan is a statement of intentions ather than a commitment. It must not become a straitjacket. It should be revised often, because every success creates new opportunities. So does every failure. The same is true for changes in the business environment, in the market, and especially in people within the enterprise—all these changes demand that the plan be revised. A written plan should anticipate the need for ? exibility. In addition, the action plan needs to create a system for checking the results against the expectations. Effective executives usually build two such checks into their action plans. The rst check comes halfway through the plan’s time period; for example, at nine months. The second occurs at the end, before the next action plan is drawn up. Finally, the action plan has to become the basis for the executive’s time management. Time is an executive’s scarcest and most precious resource. And organizations—whether government agencies, businesses, or nonprofits—are inherently time wasters. The action plan will prove useless unless it’s allowed to determine how the executive spends his or her time. Napoleon allegedly said that no successful battle ever followed its plan. Yet Napoleon also lanned every one of his battles, far more meticulously than any earlier general had done. Without an action plan, the executive becomes a prisoner of events. And wi thout check-ins to reexamine the plan as events unfold, the executive has no way of knowing which events really matter and which are only noise. Act When they translate plans into action, executives need to pay particular attention to decision making, communication, opportunities (as opposed to problems), and meetings. I’ll consider these one at a time. Take responsibility for decisions. A deci- harvard business review †¢ june 2004 ion has not been made until people know: †¢ the name of the person accountable for carrying it out; †¢ the deadline; †¢ the names of the people who will be affected by the decision and therefore have to know about, understand, and approve it—or at least not be strongly opposed to it—and †¢ the names of the people who have to be informed of the decision, even if they are not directly affected by it. An extraordinary number of organizational decisions run into trouble because these bases aren’t covered. O ne of my clients, 30 years ago, lost its leadership position in the fast-growing Japanese market because the company, after deciding to enter into a joint venture with a new Japanese partner, never made clear who was to inform the purchasing agents that the partner de? ned its speci? cations in meters and kilograms rather than feet and pounds—and nobody ever did relay that information. It’s just as important to review decisions periodically—at a time that’s been agreed on in advance—as it is to make them carefully in the ?rst place. That way, a poor decision can be corrected before it does real damage. These reviews can cover anything from the results to the assumptions underlying the decision. Such a review is especially important for the most crucial and most dif? cult of all decisions, the ones about hiring or promoting people. Studies of decisions about people show that only one-third of such choices turn out to be truly successful. One-third are likely to be draws—neither successes nor outright failures. And one-third are failures, pure and simple. Effective executives know this and check up (six to nine months later) on the results of their people decisions. If they ? nd that a decision has not had the desired results, they don’t conclude that the person has not performed. They conclude, instead, that they themselves made a mistake. In a well-managed enterprise, it is understood that people who fail in a new job, especially after a promotion, may not be the ones to blame. Executives also owe it to the organization and to their fellow workers not to tolerate nonperforming individuals in important jobs. It may not be the employees’ fault that they are underperforming, but even so, they have to be removed. People who have failed in a new job should be given the choice to go back to a job page 4 W hat Makes an Effective Executive Executives owe it to the rganization and their fellow workers not to tolerate nonperforming people in important jobs. harvard business review †¢ june 2004 at their former level and salary. This option is rarely exercised; such people, as a rule, leave voluntarily, at least when their employers are U. S. ?rms. But the very existence of the option can have a powerful effect, encouraging people to leave safe, comfortable jobs and take risky new assignments. The organization’s performance depends on employees’ willingness to take such chances. A systematic decision review can be a powerful tool for self-development, too. Checking the results of a decision against its expectations shows executives what their strengths are, where they need to improve, and where they lack knowledge or information. It shows them their biases. Very often it shows them that their decisions didn’t produce results because they didn’t put the right people on the job. Allocating the best people to the right positions is a crucial, tough job that many executives slight, in part because the best people are already too busy. Systematic decision review also shows executives their own weaknesses, particularly the areas in which they are simply incompetent. In these areas, smart executives don’t make decisions or take actions. They delegate. Everyone has such areas; there’s no such thing as a universal executive genius. Most discussions of decision making assume that only senior executives make decisions or that only senior executives’ decisions matter. This is a dangerous mistake. Decisions are made at every level of the organization, beginning with individual professional contributors and frontline supervisors. These apparently low-level decisions are extremely important in a knowledge-based organization. Knowledge workers are supposed to know more about heir areas of specialization—for example, tax accounting—than anybody else, so their decisions are likely to have an impact throughout the company. Making good decisions is a crucial skill at every level. It needs to be taught explicitly to everyone in organizations that are based on knowledge. Take responsibility for communicating. Effective executi ves make sure that both their action plans and their information needs are understood. Speci? cally, this means that they share their plans with and ask for comments from all their colleagues—superiors, subordinates, and peers. At the same time, they let each person know what information they’ll need to get the job done. The information ? ow from subordinate to boss is usually what gets the most attention. But executives need to pay equal attention to peers’ and superiors’ information needs. We all know, thanks to Chester Barnard’s 1938 classic The Functions of the Executive, that organizations are held together by information rather than by ownership or command. Still, far too many executives behave as if information and its ? ow were the job of the information specialist—for example, the accountant. As a result, they get an enormous amount of data they do not need and cannot use, but little of the information they do need. The best way around this problem is for each executive to identify the information he needs, ask for it, and keep pushing until he gets it. Focus on opportunities. Good executives focus on opportunities rather than problems. Problems have to be taken care of, of course; they must not be swept under the rug. But problem solving, however necessary, does not produce results. It prevents damage. Exploiting opportunities produces results. Above all, effective executives treat change s an opportunity rather than a threat. They systematically look at changes, inside and outside the corporation, and ask, â€Å"How can we exploit this change as an opportunity for our enterprise? † Speci? cally, executives scan these seven situations for opportunities: †¢ an unexpected success or failure in their own enterprise, in a competing enterprise, or in the industry; †¢ a gap between what is and what could be in a market, process, product, or service (for example, in the nineteenth century, the paper industry concentrated on the 10% of each tree that became wood pulp and totally neglected he possibilities in the remaining 90%, which became waste); †¢ innovation in a process, product, or service, whether inside or outside the enterprise or its industry; †¢ changes in industry structure and market structure; †¢ demographics; †¢ changes in mind-set, values, perception, mood, or meaning; and †¢ new knowledge or a new technology. Effective executives also make sure that problems do not overwhelm opportunities. In most companies, the ? rst page of the monthly management report lists key problems. It’s far page 5 W hat Makes an Effective Executive In areas where they are simply incompetent, smart executives don’t ake decisions or take actions. They delegate. Everyone has such areas. harvard business review à ¢â‚¬ ¢ june 2004 wiser to list opportunities on the ? rst page and leave problems for the second page. Unless there is a true catastrophe, problems are not discussed in management meetings until opportunities have been analyzed and properly dealt with. Staf? ng is another important aspect of being opportunity focused. Effective executives put their best people on opportunities rather than on problems. One way to staff for opportunities is to ask each member of the management group to prepare two lists every ix months—a list of opportunities for the entire enterprise and a list of the best-performing people throughout the enterprise. These are discussed, then melded into two master lists, and the best people are matched with the best opportunities. In Japan, by the way, this matchup is considered a major HR task in a big corporation or government department; that practice is one of the key strengths of Japanese business. Make meetings productive. The most visible, powerful, an d, arguably, effective nongovernmental executive in the America of World War II and the years thereafter was not a businessman. It was Francis Cardinal Spellman, the head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and adviser to several U. S. presidents. When Spellman took over, the diocese was bankrupt and totally demoralized. His successor inherited the leadership position in the American Catholic church. Spellman often said that during his waking hours he was alone only twice each day, for 25 minutes each time: when he said Mass in his private chapel after getting up in the morning and when he said his evening prayers before going to bed. Otherwise he was always with people in a meeting, starting at breakfast ith one Catholic organization and ending at dinner with another. Top executives aren’t quite as imprisoned as the archbishop of a major Catholic diocese. But every study of the executive workday has found that even junior executives and professionals are with other people—that is, in a meeting of some sort—more than half of every business day. The only exceptions are a few seni or researchers. Even a conversation with only one other person is a meeting. Hence, if they are to be effective, executives must make meetings productive. They must make sure that meetings are work sessions rather than ull sessions. The key to running an effective meeting is to decide in advance what kind of meeting it will be. Different kinds of meetings require different forms of preparation and different results: A meeting to prepare a statement, an announcement, or a press release. For this to be productive, one member has to prepare a draft beforehand. At the meeting’s end, a preappointed member has to take responsibility for disseminating the ? nal text. A meeting to make an announcement—for example, an organizational change. This meeting should be con? ned to the announcement and a discussion about it. A meeting in which one member reports. Nothing but the report should be discussed. A meeting in which several or all members report. Either there should be no discussion at all or the discussion should be limited to questions for clari? cation. Alternatively, for each report there could be a short discussion in which all participants may ask questions. If this is the format, the reports should be distributed to all participants well before the meeting. At this kind of meeting, each report should be limited to a preset time—for example, 15 minutes. A meeting to inform the convening executive. The executive should listen and ask questions. He or she should sum up but not make a presentation. A meeting whose only function is to allow the participants to be in the executive’s presence. Cardinal Spellman’s breakfast and dinner meetings were of that kind. There is no way to make these meetings productive. They are the penalties of rank. Senior executives are effective to the extent to which they can prevent such meetings from encroaching on their workdays. Spellman, for instance, was effective in large part because he con? ned such meetings to breakfast and dinner and kept the est of his working day free of them. Making a meeting productive takes a good deal of self-discipline. It requires that executives determine what kind of meeting is appropriate and then stick to that format. It’s also necessary to terminate the meeting as soon as its speci? c purpose has been accomplished. Good executives don’t raise another matter for discussion. They sum up and adjourn. Good follow-up is just as important as the page 6 W hat Makes an Effective Executive meeting itself. The great master of follow-up was Alfred Sloan, the most effective business executive I have ever known. Sloan, who eaded General Motors from the 1920s until the 1950s, spent most of his six working days a week in meetings—three days a week in formal committee meetings with a set membership, the other three days in ad hoc meetings with individual GM executives or with a small group of executives. At the beginning of a formal meeting, Sloan announced the meeting’s purpose. He then listened. He never took notes and he rarely spoke except to clarify a confusing point. At the end he summed up, thanked the participants, and left. Then he immediately wrote a short memo addressed to one attendee of the meeting. In that note, he summarized the discussion and its conclusions and spelled out any work assignment decided upon in the meeting (including a decision to hold another meeting on the subject or to study an issue). He speci? ed the deadline and the executive who was to be accountable for the assignment. He sent a copy of the memo to everyone who’d been present at the meeting. It was through these memos—each a small masterpiece—that Sloan made himself into an outstandingly effective executive. Effective executives know that any given meeting is either productive or a total waste of time. arvard business review †¢ june 2004 Think and Say â€Å"We† The ? nal practice is this: Don’t think or say â€Å"I. † Think and say â€Å"we. † Effective executives know that they have ultimate responsibility, which can be neither shared nor delegated. But they have authority only because they have the trust of the organization. This means that they th ink of the needs and the opportunities of the organization before they think of their own needs and opportunities. This one may sound simple; it isn’t, but it needs to be strictly observed. We’ve just reviewed eight practices of effective executives. I’m going to throw in one ? nal, bonus practice. This one’s so important that I’ll elevate it to the level of a rule: Listen ? rst, speak last. Effective executives differ widely in their personalities, strengths, weaknesses, values, and beliefs. All they have in common is that they get the right things done. Some are born effective. But the demand is much too great to be satis? ed by extraordinary talent. Effectiveness is a discipline. And, like every discipline, effectiveness can be learned and must be earned. Reprint R0406C Harvard Business Review OnPoint 6980 To order, see the next page r call 800-988-0886 or 617-783-7500 or go to www. hbr. org page 7 What Makes an Effective Executive Further Reading ARTICLES Your Best Managers Lead and Manage Harvard Business Review OnPoint Collection November 2003 Product no. 5402 Drucker’s rules imply that effective executives know how to lead and manage. This Harvard Business Review OnPoint collection reinforces th e notion that leadership and management aren’t discrete jobs. Together, they form a tapestry of interwoven roles—all of which are essential if executives are to boost their organization’s performance. How to embrace this multifaceted role? First, deeply understand each aspect of it. In the classic article â€Å"Managers and Leaders: Are They Different? ,† Abraham Zaleznik shines the spotlight on the traits required for leadership—including passion, innovativeness, and a keen awareness of â€Å"the big picture. † According to Zaleznik, the best leaders also have a talent for inspiring others, embracing chaos, captivating imaginations, and welcoming fresh approaches to problems. Zaleznik suggests ways companies can create the right conditions for individuals to develop these abilities. To Order For reprints, Harvard Business Review OnPoint orders, and subscriptions to Harvard Business Review: Call 800-988-0886 or 617-783-7500. Go to www. hbr. org For customized and quantity orders of reprints and Harvard Business Review OnPoint products: Call Frank Tamoshunas at 617-783-7626, or e-mail him at ftamoshunas@hbsp. harvard. edu In â€Å" The Five Minds of a Manager,† Jonathan Gosling and Henry Mintzberg update Mintzberg’s emphasis on reflection and analysis with five mandatory mind-sets for executives: 1) reflective, 2) analytical, 3) worldly, 4) collaborative, and 5) action. When you understand each and move flexibly among all five, you deepen your understanding of your organization’s challenges, boost innovation, strengthen collaboration, and take more precise action. Interweave your mind-sets with your colleagues’, and you enhance the collective impact on your company’s performance. In â€Å" The Manager’s Job: Folklore and Fact,† another Harvard Business Review classic, Henry Mintzberg shifts the focus to the managerial role. The manager’s job, he maintains, has always been more complicated than the textbook mantra of â€Å"plan, organize, coordinate, and control. In reality, managers play so many roles that it’s hard to excel at any one. Job overload can lead to superficial analysis and premature decisions that miss the big picture. To surmount these challenges, stop and think. Reflect on the roles you naturally prefer. Stretch beyond those you’re most comfortable in, depending on what the situ ation demands. Reduce your impossible workload by delegating and taking advantage of in-house analysts. Most important, force yourself to do the things you believe are crucial. page 8 How to cite What Makes an Effective Executive, Essay examples What Makes an Effective Executive Free Essays Karrie Sebring BU531: Session 2 Harvard Article Review â€Å"What Makes an Effective Executive? † by Peter F. Drucker What is this article about as a whole? There is no science on how to improve effectiveness; effectiveness is a disciple and therefore can be learned by anyone. Drunker concludes that you don’t have to be a leader or possess specific personalities, strengths, values or beliefs to be an effective executive. We will write a custom essay sample on What Makes an Effective Executive or any similar topic only for you Order Now Utilizing the following eight simple practices allows executives to be effective: Asking, â€Å"What needs to be done? † Asking, â€Å"What is right for the enterprise? † Developing action plans Taking responsibility for decisions Taking responsibility for communicating Focusing on opportunities rather than problems Running productive meetings Speaking as â€Å"We† rather than â€Å"I† The first two practices give executives the knowledge they need. The next four help them convert this knowledge into effective action. The last two ensure that the whole organization feels responsible and accountable. What are the essential points in this article? Executives need to ask what is right for the enterprise, rather than what is right for the owners, stock price, the employees or the executives. Asking this question does not guarantee the correct decision will be made; however failure to ask this question will nearly guarantee the wrong decision. Knowledge is useless until it has been translated into actions but actions need to first be planned to identify possible restraints and implications. The action plan should be a statement of intention rather than commitment and should be revised often because every success and failure creates new opportunities. The action plan needs to have a system for checking results against expectations. Lastly, the action plan has to become the basis for the executive’s time management, which is an executive’s most scarce and valuable resource. Executives need to take responsibility for communicating; executives need to share their plans, ask for feedback and indicate specifics on what information they need from their subordinates to get the job done. Good executives focus on opportunities rather than problems; they treat change as an opportunity rather than a threat. Effective executives ensure problems do not overwhelm opportunities and put their best people onopportunity tasks. Executives must make meetings productive and ensure that meetings are work sessions rather than bull sessions. A few key notes are to decide in advance what kind of meeting each session will be, end each session when the purpose has been accomplished and lastly, follow-up on each meeting. Effective executives have authority because they have the trust of the organization and therefore think of the organizations needs and opportunities before their own. Lastly, one rule stands; listen before you speak. How can you apply what you learned to business? How to cite What Makes an Effective Executive, Papers

Employability Skill Behaviors Free samples-Myassignmenrthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the "Employability Skill Behaviours". Answer: Introduction Das Rao (2016) illustrates that students often think the skills they study at schools is different from that they use at their work environment. Surprisingly, these two skills links and students should place much emphasis on the class work to ensure that they succeed in the job market as well. That will enable them to acquire the necessary skills in order for them to execute their duties with competency and professionalism. Additionally, every student should develop various study skills since they are transferrable to a work environment (Agrawal, Rao Venkatesh, 2016). During the job application, students have to fill various application forms, which ask them to validate their competencies such as teamwork, project management, as well as taking initiatives. Notably, students should keep a record of actual examples of the previous meetings that relate to any of the above aspects. Situation Information Management: Janet studies at the local university in the United States of America and works at the square pie. That is one of the leading fast food stores in the United Kingdom. Janet possesses a number of qualities that makes her suitable for the task. For instance, she has strong information management skills that allow her to organize the stocks and equipment. Additionally, Janet could order supplies as well as to oversee the various building maintenance. She also has other skills such as financial management and people management. Using technology: Technology is an important aspect of the contemporary community. It ensures efficient operations within various sectors of the economy and enables stakeholders to resolve a number of conflicts that range from time management as well as proper communication. Janet could use the computers to perform a number of tasks such as data entry and analysis. That ensures that she presents her findings from the hotel in the most prudent manner. Again, she could use the email to communicate with different member within the premise. Numeracy: Janet possesses many numerical skills that enable her to manage the restaurant. She could quickly decide on the amount of raw materials that will help in producing various foodstuffs within the premise. That enables her to balance the books of account. With the right methods and technology, she could observe and record data and helps in communication as well as decision making within the premise. Additionally, the knowledge she got from college enables her to make estimates as well as to verify calculations that pertains the management of the fast food enterprise. Verbal Communication: she finds it easy to read information present in different formats. That ranges from tables and graphs. Additionally, she can synthesize this kind of information and communicate meaning to the various stakeholders. Again, she has the authority that enables her to write and speak while others are paying attention. She provides room for questions, which makes the entire process engaging. Public speaking: The public speaking concepts that Janet learned is school enables her to work with a various member of the team. She could articulate her ideas and communicate them in the most appropriate way. Again, Janet chairs some meetings within the premise that enables her to practice the public speaking skills at various levels. Notably, she was the best speaker in the last Workshop in California, and she demonstrated a high degree of composure and competency while addressing various concerns that affect the food industry in the region. That signifies her as a good public speaker. Written Communication: Apart from the verbal communication, Janet presents an excellent command in written communications. That surfaces through the reports that she documented during the workshop in California. She could also submit a well-written report to her boss, which signifies her competency in the particular domain. Task As a member of the executive, Janet ensured that she adopted the right communication skills that help in managing the organization with much ease. Again, she had to utilize the technological advancement to better the performance of the team. That includes the simplification of most operations using the computer as well as to improve data storage using the storage of equipment. Again, the computer was useful in solving complex tasks that required much time and resources. Action To do that, Janet had to undertake multiple courses in the University to equip her with the necessary skills for the task. Again, it was paramount to attend some seminars and training workshops that enabled her to understand the market demands. That led to her exemplary performance in the organization. Result Janet received a promotion to be the Managing Director of the fast food enterprise. That is due to her competency as well as the ethical behaviour that she presented while services as the staff. Employees should ensure that they relate what they learn in the classroom with the job requirements to improve their skills (Bell, 2016). Additionally, they should conduct themselves with some level of professionalism and embrace ethical aspects within their environments. References Agrawal, N. M., Rao, M. R., Venkatesh, S. (2016). Labour Market and Recruitment: Education and EmployabilityLearning from the Indian IT/ITES Industry. In India: Preparation for the World of Work (pp. 311-329). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Bell, R. (2016). Unpacking the link between entrepreneurialism and employability: An assessment of the relationship between entrepreneurial attitudes and likelihood of graduate employment in a professional field. Education+ Training, 58(1). Das, S. C., Rao, S. (2016). Capabilities in Employability Skills (Self Perceived) among Under-Graduate Commerce Students: A Cross Sectional Study. The Indian Journal Of Commerce, 69(1).

Rainbow and Its Various Aspects

Table of Contents Introduction Causes and Formation Types of Rainbows General Facts In Regard To a Rainbow Works Cited Introduction A rainbow can be defined as an arch of colors that is usually formed in the sky under certain circumstances. The main cause of the formation of rainbow is the refraction and dispersion of the sun light which occur in the event of rainfall or any other form of moisture that could be present in the atmosphere. The seven colors in a rainbow are identified as violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red although these are those that are visible with many others that are not.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rainbow and Its Various Aspects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rainbows are known to take many forms for instance red bows, twinned bows, dark bands, colored fringes, spokes, bows that cross among others depending on the circumstances under which they are formed. This piece of work gives an investigation of the various aspects associated with a rainbow for instance how it is formed and the causes of its formation as well as the various forms of rainbows. Causes and Formation Rainbows are familiar among various people in the universe since they can easily observe it but the underlying principles behind its causes and formation still remain unclear. According to Oblack (2011, par 1), a rainbow is formed through the interaction of sunlight and moisture in the atmosphere. The sunlight is usually made up of various colors and water in the atmosphere for example rain droplets act like a prism through which the sun rays are refracted so that the various colors ( red, yellow, indigo, violet, orange, blue and green among others) of the sunlight can been displayed as a rainbow. We can, therefore, say that rainbows are caused by the ripping of white sunlight into its constituent colors which is made possible by the raindrops. The water droplets acts as a prism which is responsible for the refraction and reflection processes that are necessary for the formation of the rainbow or rather the display of the various colors contained therein. Types of Rainbows According to Oblack (2008 par 3), there are various types of rainbows for example primary rainbows, secondary rainbows, glory clouds and the supernumerary rainbows. Primary rainbows form at the core with the red color being the outermost in the primary bow while the others are within. The bow is usually very shiny. The secondary (rainbow) on the other hand is reasonably fainter (as compared to the primary rainbow) owing to the second reflection and emerges outside the primary one. This type of rainbow is formed when sunlight undergoes two reflections as it hits the water droplets as opposed to one reflection as it is the case in the formation of the primary rainbow. The glory cloud develops when the sunlight enters a cloud which contains water droplets of relatively the same size . The glory cloud is usually opposite the sun, that is, at the Anti solar point. The anti solar point is the point that is directly opposite the sun as one can view it.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It can be said in simple terms to be the line that seems to connect the sun, the observer and the specific location of the glory cloud. The supernumerary rainbows are formed as a result of interference of the sunlight where it is forced to go through different paths in a water droplet which explains the wave nature of light (Walker 429) These different types of rainbows can then be divided into other general forms of rainbows for example reflection rainbows which are usually formed as a result of reflection of the source of light which is principally the sun. A reflection rainbow is a blend of two divergent rainbows which result from light coming from the sun and its refl ected image. Lunar rainbow on the other hand is formed as a result of the moon’s refraction as opposed to the sun. This is possible when there is the presence of a full moon since it is usually bright enough and its light can be refracted by the water droplets. The lunar rainbow is nonetheless dim than solar rainbow because the light involved is also not as bright as that of the sun. A double rainbow is completed when raindrops reflect the sunlight inwardly making it probable for us to see a dark band right between the bows. A secondary rainbow is usually seen on the outer part of the primary bow and it entails two reflections. The second reflection is particularly in charge of the inversion of the colors of a (secondary) rainbow as opposed to the primary bow. There is also another form of rare rainbow by the name, monochrome rainbow. This is rarely experienced and it is formed when there is a shower mainly during the sunrise or sunset when the sun rays are not very hot. In s uch a time the spectrum is not usually full and the shorter wavelengths are usually absent or scattered making the rainbow appear quite different as compared to when the sun is still very hot. The fact that the spectrum is not usually full when the monochrome rainbow appears is not a justification that these types of rainbows appear under the moonlight. This is because rainbows under moonlight appear in the presence of a full spectrum but they seem to be white in color due to our inability to see the colors clearly (The National Center for Atmospheric Research par 12). General Facts In Regard To a Rainbow It is argued that for an individual to view a rainbow there must be the presence of both the sun and moisture in the atmosphere. One also has to be at an angle of approximately 42 degrees to view it clearly. A rainbow is not located at a particular position in the sky as many people may think but rather its position is dependent upon some factors for instance the sun’s posit ion at a particular time and the viewer’s location. It is made of more than the seven colors we see and the colors are also seen differently by different people.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Rainbow and Its Various Aspects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The rainbow appears in the opposite direction in respect to the sun in regard to the viewer’s perspective with the core part of the rainbow appearing to be brighter as compared to the external areas of the rainbow. Rainbows formation is made possible due to the geometry of raindrops and it follows that the sun usually shine from behind us and its rays enter the raindrops where they are refracted inwards then reflected from the raindrop and finally refracted from it coming back to the viewer’s eyes. For there to be a rainbow formation, the sunbeams are refracted as it goes into the surface of a water droplet then reflected to the back of the droplet and finally refracted in the event of leaving the droplet. This causes reflection of the incoming sunlight over various angles to a maximum of around 42 degrees depending on aspects like the size of the droplet and the refractive index which is different in different waters. The rainbow colors are in the shape of a circle but as we observe it we just see part of the circle due to the long distance hence the arch shape (Anonymous 1). Rainbows are perceived differently with many myths being formulated in regard to their presence. It is associated with various cultural and religious aspects depending on various societies and their beliefs. It has for example been considered in Greek to be the trail that was made between the earth and heaven by Iris, a messenger. The people of China on the other hand had for a long time believed that a rainbow stood for an incision in the sky which had been closed up by a goddess employing stones that were of diverse colors. Some of these myths have been proven wrong as research has advanced and people have been able to gain a clear understanding of various aspects of rainbows (Supriya 2). The aspect of rainbows have been studied for a very long time especially while studying other aspects of reflection and refraction but it is evident that people still know little about the underlying concepts of the rainbows for instance causes and even the circumstances through which they are formed. Works Cited Anonymous. â€Å"What causes a rainbow?† Howstuffworks, 2011. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Oblack, Rachelle. â€Å"Glory Clouds’. About.com, 2008. Web. Oblack, Rachelle. â€Å"Rainbows†. About.com. 2011. Web. The National Center for Atmospheric Research. â€Å"About Rainbows.† Ucar, 2011. Web. Supriya, Sharon. â€Å"Interesting Myths and Facts about the Rainbow†. Oneindia, 2008. Web. Walker, Jearl. Multiple Rainbows from a Single Drop of Water and Other Liquids. American Journal of Physics Vol. 44, No. 5, pages 421-433 1976. This research paper on Rainbow and Its Various Aspects was written and submitted by user Demi Swanson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Muscle Fiber Essay

Muscle Fiber Essay Muscle Fiber Essay MUSCULAR SYSTEM Types of Muscle Tissue: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac * Skeletal, aka â€Å"striated†, aka â€Å"voluntary† – attached to bones and under conscious, willful control. Has the ability to contract (shorten) and thereby bring about movement I. Muscle and Muscle Fiber Structure: A muscle is composed of many muscle fibers (muscle fiber = muscle cell). The individual muscles are separated from each other and held in place by a covering called the FASCIA. This fascia also forms TENDONS and APONEUROSES connecting muscles to bones and muscles to muscles. A muscle also contains 3 different layers of connective tissue: Epimysium – outermost layer, surrounds entire muscle Perimysium – separated and surrounds the FASCICLES (bundles) of muscle fibers Endomysium – surrounds each individual muscle fiber Skeletal muscle fibers contain numerous nuclei and mitochondria The muscle fiber membrane is called the SARCOLEMMA and the cytoplasm is called the SARCOPLASM. Within the sarcoplasm are many parallel fibers known as MYOFIBRILS [pic] Each myofibril is made of many protein filaments called MYOFILAMENTS. There are two types: MYOSIN – thick filaments ACTIN – thin filaments Actin and Myosin filaments are arranged in an overlapping pattern of light (â€Å"I† bands) and dark (â€Å"A† bands). In the middle of each â€Å"I† band is a line called a â€Å"Z† line. The section of a myofibril from one Z-line to the next Z-line is called a SARCOMERE. The arrangement of these sarcomeres next to each other produces the STRIATIONS of the skeletal muscle fibers. Each Myofibirl is surrounded by a network of membranous channels called SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM. Other â€Å"tubes† [pic] between the actin and myosin filaments ( the filaments slide between

Analysis Of The Book Adventures Of Wonderland

THE FAILER ADVENTURE The simple fact to explore unknown regions can give us more knowledge and background of places and people than we can find in books or movies. However, we need to be open to the idea of getting out of our comfort zone in order to experience something new. The story about the City Mouse and the suburban Mouse, who has a totally different lifestyle, and who also has a distinct personality managed to stay friends. The City Mouse lost his opportunity to enjoy a peaceful time because†¦ Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland; Analytical Essay Any story of literary merit must have some sort of lasting appeal that allows it to ascend the generations and appeal to a wide variety of cultures, and Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland is a fine example. It was undoubtedly both a popular and significant tale when it was first orally told and then written down, and is surely one that is applicable to modern society. Throughout the story, I noticed three main themes that Lewis Carroll appears†¦ is a pin prick of light, which is progressively getting bigger as he tumbles farther up. Wonderland is in shambles, the Queen of Hearts destructing all happiness in her wake. The Snow Queen was living prosperously before the Queen of Hearts overthrew her. The only person who has ever been able to save Wonderland is Alice. Alice has not been around for at least 2 decades, but she is the only hope for Wonderland, and the Hatter has gone on a search to find her. He’s the only one able to leave (The Rabbit†¦ The book Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll evokes many intriguing thoughts in the reader’s mind, delving into themes such as the loss of childhood innocence, dreams, death, and discouragement in life. Alice’s journey through a dream world begins when she follows a white rabbit she has spotted and ends up falling down the rabbit hole. Here, Alice discovers she has entered an ambiance divergent from her own- a world of the Mad Hatter and Cheshire Cat, and bottles and treats that beckon†¦ Meta: Alice is a character whose abstract nature has insured her immortality. Alice’s Wonderland brings the classic tale to the reels; will you peer through the looking glass? Alice’s Wonderland Review Pretty much everybody is familiar with the famous book Alice in Wonderland. Lewis Carroll’s seminary work has been a feature of pop culture for virtually the entire duration of its existence, spawning a whole franchise as well as a famous Disney movie. Naturally the creators at 888 Slots saw a way†¦ Mark Twain 's masterpiece is his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the whole book is planned and has meaning. It 's a story of life, relationships, racism and a boy who just wants to be free. Very few books in history have been as influential or as controversial. Twain 's use of symbolism, satire, character development, writing style and themes, ultimately create a story that cannot be forgotten, even in the 21st century. The effects of the book have its hold over society. In Sanford Pinkser†¦ Oxford Carroll became very fond of the deans daughter, Alice Liddell. Alice Liddell is seen as Carroll’s muse for his story Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. In this story, Alice falls asleep and dreams of many adventures in a place called Wonderland. While she is there, Alice is faced with many challenges and questions everything in this queer world. On her adventures, Alice is continuously asked who she is. Eventually she cannot answer this question because she does not remember. This shows the†¦ Alice asks herself this shortly after entering Wonderland, although this line would not be at all out of place in any adolescent’s head (Carroll 15). Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland is a novel that deals heavily with many aspects of identity, including finding and growing an identity as a child. Alice goes through many trials in the novel, and readers watch her change and adapt to get through all of these. Disney’s 1951 adaptation Alice in Wonderland has Alice go through many of these same challenges†¦ Symbolism of a Journey in Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland and The Christmas Carol Journey can have many different interpretations based upon the vast variety of people whom interpret it. Some examples of how Journey may be interpreted are some consider journey as a distance they travel or a journey can possess important influence that changes their philosophy of life. Through authors writing they show different aspects of journey. In Lewis Carrol’s "Alice in Wonderland" and Charles Dickens’ "A Christmas†¦ Meta: It stands as literary masterpiece, with it now making its long awaited debut within the world of online slots. Alice in Wonderland is the latest creation from OpenBet, but does it pay notable homage? Alice in Wonderland Review Are you ready to enter a fantasy world? Well, Alice wasn’t when she first visited Wonderland, but it didn’t stop her experience the adventure that awaited her. Her time in this fantasy landed ended up being one of the most memorable moments in literally history, and†¦

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 18

Marketing - Essay Example strategies need to be formulated or optimally oriented as part of marketing orientation, so that organisation can reach maximum customers, entice them and importantly build long-term relationship, thereby retaining them. As the above mentioned country specific aspects need to be mainly analyzed in relation with the product that is going to be launched, the product’s profile should ‘fit’ with the consumer of that particular market. Although, it applies to all product range, it is of utmost importance to luxury brands including luxury handbags. A luxury brand is a lifestyle concept that is mainly designed for an exclusive consumer base, even while enticing a wider consumer base. Vickers and Renand (2003) observe that luxury goods are adapted versions of base products which are manufactured according to consumer needs and tastes, and there are three dimensions to these products, and it applies to luxury handbags as well. The three levels of luxury products are, first, the inaccessible luxury products, which are only or mainly for the elite or affluent, as the other classes will find it difficult to buy it. Then, comes the intermediate luxury products, which for the professionals who are financially equipped to buy those products and thereby fulfil their desire to attain the status of the affluent. Finally, there are accessible luxury products for the middle class, which will be set in a feasible price range. Prospective customers in each of these levels have to be enticed through level-specific marketing strategies. So, on the whole it is necessary to grasp the consumer behaviour regarding particular products, along with other environmental forces. So, from the above understanding, it is clear that, to launch the new range of luxury handbags in UK, the macro and the micro environment as well as the consumer behaviour in the UK market has to be analyzed, based on which consumer and market oriented relationship marketing strategies can be formulated. The

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

History - Essay Example This paper will highlight the causes of the revolution and how the changes brought about by the revolution affected freed black Americans. In addition, the paper will discuss the rise of Massachusetts and Virginia. The French and Indian war had negative effects on Britain. Although Britain went home with victory, the victory came at a prize. It had exhausted most of its finances. Consequently, in 1763, America had enormous debts to settle. Britain sought to formulate strategies that would help it settle the debts. It is at this time that they exposed the colonies to extremes of oppression. The government began a search of all trade routes identifying the smugglers who avoided the heavy taxes levied on the route. This affected American traders mostly. The sugar act also came into place requiring Americans to pay tax at a time when economic times were hard. The colonists worsened the situation with the banning of production of the American currency. Moreover, the colonists expected the Americans to provide the British troops with accommodation in act called the quartering act. The Americans opposed all these acts but the colonists multiplied them. In 1765, introduction of the stamps act that required Americans to pay tax on all paper products sold made their opposition fierce. Their opposition involved a boycott on all American goods. The colonies reasoned that it was unfair for them to suffer from the oppressive acts of a government in which they did not have a representative. However, the imperial government fueled their opposition by introducing an additional import tax and more boycotts resulted. In addition, other restrictions after the some colonial leaders attacked a vessel and interfered with tea on the Boston port after a monopoly allowed a tea company to dominate America. The thinking of American people was changing with time. Most of the people were reading literature that highlighted the making of social contracts and were slowly adopting liberalism a nd other schools of thought highlighted in the enlightenment literature. In addition, some revolutionary clergy had committed to teaching the truth about equality and this prompted the people to oppose any form of oppression from the colonial government. In 1794, the people formed an association that would tie them together to fight for their liberty. All these factors mentioned led to the rise of the revolution in 1775 (Frank 43-49). Rise of Massachusetts and Virginia These two colonies proved to have different structures by 1700. Background information reveals that the two colonies emerged through the efforts of English colonists who had left their home country due to unrest. Puritans who ran away from the different forms of harassment they faced in their country set up Massachusetts with its capital at Salem. The colony was independent of any rule or joint ventures with other colonies. The puritans introduced a hierarchical system that determined religious and family leaders. The colonists in Massachusetts emphasized sharing between the rich and poor. The colonists intended to create a society that promoted equity. In this colony, slave systems did not exist. Instead, the colony depended on children and members of the family structure to provide the necessary labor. Native American in this colony preferred to sell land and adopt the puritan lifestyle. In this colony, fathers assumed the role of managing and supervising the

Organizational Change and Theory Paper Essay Example for Free

Organizational Change and Theory Paper Essay Organizational Change and Theory Paper Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The aspect of managing organizational change is very crucial to any given organization. Organizational change is the execution of new technologies and procedures with an aim of realigning the organization to the changing demands of the firm or benefit from on the business opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how implementation of new technology of computerized charting was effectively managed in the hospital.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nurses have to deal with the new change of computerized charting though it is hardly a new technology. However, several PC-challenged healthcare experts have taken keen interest to become conversant with this new method to patient information management. Taking interest to increase personal skills and marketability as well as being proactive is likely to influence the nursing career in a positive manner. Recent research findings indicate that more institutions are investing in capturing data by electronic means. The keys to computerized charting in modern market, there are various software vendors and alternatives to choose from. In the office I use epic computer software. The use of electronic means is overwhelming at first, but an individual becomes used to with time. It is much better compared to paper charting (Richards Keogh, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many health professionals leaned how to work with epic software in their first day of orientation. There is a lot of improvement since most nurses are able to enter their orders themselves. The epic software will enable all the nurses in the institution to use the system from the basic triage to discharge from inpatient. However, there are some resentment about the system since some nurses find it inefficient claiming that the system crashes down frequently for several hours. Others find it very difficult to use especially to the nurses working on the rapid response departments and it’s a challenge to work on a patients without their medical histories, allergies, procedures and meds. The hospital copes with this problem by having backup system. There are also computer hubs where all nurses can print up their chart, though it is also a sticky situation to be used by the entire hospital (Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarti cle/810573).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The epic program is very effective when it is working since nurses can enter their progress notes and orders. The other problem that the hospital has to deal with is that there is high probability of nurses clicking the wrong orders. The other problem is that sometimes the system is too slow. The nurses are asked to been with the system and have specific way of entering individual orders for easy identification since one click on the system shows very many orders. However, nurses are given opportunity to access any patient’s order from anywhere at any given time since they can use epic system at the same time (Retrieved from http://allnurses.com/nursing-informatics/epic-computer-program-280071.html).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The hospital’s IT department has provided enough memory and large servers which is a very significant move. This enables the nurses to make their own orders effectively without the system breakdown or becoming too slow. The epic system might be complicated at first since some nurses find it difficult to locate their flow sheets. The nurses who became used to the system are able to program their favorite flow sheets which make it effortless for the nurse to remember to fill them later. The institution has managed this change also by adjusting the system according to their needs. In the epic software many flow sheets are linked such that if nurse document important orders in one place, they will appear in every relevant flow sheet where those orders are required (Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810573). Ð ¼Numerous cases reveal that it is not always easy to manage effective organizational change, thus organizations should find out the possible causes of the failure. There are a lot of changes occurring across the globe. The changes range from increase in competition, changes in customer preferences as well as changes in technology. Organizations are required to create new advantages, serve customers better and cope with stiff competition. To stay competitive, organizations are required to abandon the work and processes that are not fruitful or those that do not add value to the company. As the nurse head I encourage and offer assistance to the nurses who are not used to the epic software (Richards Keogh, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The epic software has various definite advantages. The system can be made effective by frequent training of the nurses on how to program their flow sheets, the IT department should also ensure that there is enough memory and large server; the institution should also adjust the epic software according to the needs of our patients. I would also propose that the flow sheets should be organized in an appropriate manner; the colors might be used to organize the flow sheets in a superior manner. These options will make the epic system to be user friendly (Richards Keogh, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, change management is very crucial in every institution. The nurses will benefit from various advantages linked to epic software since they will be able to enter their own orders. Computerized charting is better as compared to paper charting. Institutions are called upon to give training and orientation to the nurses so that they can become conversant with this new change. Enough memory and large servers enable the system to be fast and avoid system breakdown. References Charting made incredibly easy! (4th ed.). (2010). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams Wilkins. EPIC Computer Program. (n.d.). Answers Articles and Jobs for Nurses and Nursing Students RSS. Retrieved June 18, 2014, from http://allnurses.com/nursing-informatics/epic-computer-program-280071.html Medscape Log In. (n.d.). Medscape Log In. Retrieved June 18, 2014, from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810573 Richards, J., Keogh, J. E. (2008). Medical charting demystified. New York: McGraw-Hill. Source document

RFID Tags and Invasion of Personal Privacy Essay -- Exploratory Essays

RFID Tags and Invasion of Personal Privacy Historically, the advent of innovative, influential technology has reformed our lives in post-industrial America, creating new amenities on hand, along with altering conventional laws governing this facet of modern living.   The revolutionary and global capability of telecommunications has shaped new means for dealing with information, and changed the role of a private citizen among this new technology.   Traditionally in America, private citizens have been separate from government or public involvement in personal matters such as identity, and unique characteristics defining that identity.   Lately, radio frequency identification (RFIDs) is an upcoming method for tracking objects or even people, representing a very useful yet personally invasive technology.   Considering this recent invention, RFIDs have the potential to be a major progression in information processing, and benefit life in public as a citizen.   Conversely, RFIDs confront the basic American right to privac y, and ones personal uniqueness.   Regardless of RFID benefits, legislation and citizen awareness will need to advance along with this technology in turn to protect themselves from invasion of their personal right to privacy. RFID tags essentially provide a way for a third party, such as a government agency or corporations, to track an object over enormous distances in order to convey the location of, or information about that object.   As a part of the new electronic product code (EPC), invented by the Auto I.D. Center at MIT, RFID tags were implemented to identify individual objects in a market setting, providing more efficient distribution and manufacturing logistics (Albright A8).   Common applications of these tags... ...tions resulting from application of RFID tags involves the widespread monitoring of objects, and in some cases an individual's identity, with or without their knowledge.   Legislation and civil rights interest groups reinforce public knowledge of RFID technology, whether in the market or a medical setting.   The public needs to be conscious of technology, to be able to defend themselves against inherent threats to their personal rights. Works Cited * Albright, Brian. "The need to know. " Frontline Solutions  1 Sep. 2003: A8-A10. * Anonymous. "RFID raises questions in SF, other libraries.  "  Newsletter On Intellectual Freedom  1  May2004: 91-92.   * Dipert, Brian. "READING BETWEEN THE LINES: RFIDs confront the venerable bar code.  "  Edn  14  Oct.  2004:   48-50,52,54,56,58. * Holland, Tom. "Shopping-Cart Spy Chips.  "  Far Eastern Economic Review 9  Sep.  2004:  36-39.

Race or color Essay

â€Å"To live anywhere in the world today and be against equality because of race or color is like living in Alaska and being against snow†. This famous observation of William Faulkner sums up the present attitude of the people towards discrimination based on color. It is hard to believe that a few decades earlier, unimaginable atrocities have been meted out against a particular section of the society just because their skin color was considered inferior. The real life story, â€Å"Warriors don’t cry† written by Melba Patillo Beals highlights the invincible hurdles faced by a group of ten black students just to acquire a basic education on par with the other students. The events narrated in the book from chapter 12 to chapter 20 leaves one stoned about the heartless abuse that these children had to undergo. A separate army consisting of 1200 soldiers is employed to ensure the safety of these ten children on the first day of their school. Despite this arrangement, there is violence and a threat to the children’s lives, thanks to the fanatic hatred of the segregationists towards the black people. Braving all odds, Melba and her friends continue their education in the school, but every day they are tormented with abuses and unfair treatments even by the school authorities. These chapters give heart-wrenching details of the physical and mental violence against Melba and her friends. Even though a few white girls were sympathetic to Melba’s situation, they could not help her because of threats from the segregationists. It is difficult to believe that even the school authorities did not help their cause. They discriminated against her by excluding her from all festivities and events. Even on her birthday, when Melba defended herself from violence, she was suspended for attacking the whites. After reading the horrible and terrifying accounts of Melba, one cannot avoid admiring the grit and perseverance with which she and her friends pursued their education. After reading these chapters, I felt relieved and thankful for the fact that such discrimination is not existent today. The first African-American president of The United States, Mr. Obama is a proof of this advancement.

Of mice and men: a pessimistic story Essay

The story is set during the Great Depression, a time of poverty, homelessness and pain in the United States. With impending war in the air, a job would have been a prized thing. Each character in the story lives a life that is full of hopes and dreams, which are coupled with the knowledge that they can never be realised; George’s ‘Holy Grail’ is to his own farm, which he knows he can never have as long as Lennie is present to hinder his successes. Right at the beginning of the story, we learn that George and Lennie have already had to flee from their previous job in a town called Weed since Lennie would not let go of a girl’s dress. George has to look after Lennie as though he were an infant or a pet; Lennie almost has obliviousness to the world around him. Thus George, like a mother who is bound to her child, has no prospects apart from his devotion to Lennie even though he constantly hinders George with his unending string of ‘bad things’ Similarly Curley’s wife also had a dream, she wanted to be in the movies but had that chance taken from her by her mother. Curley’s wife has been forced to exchanges a life of glitz, glamour and fame for one of poverty, constraint, anonymity and a marriage in which she is unhappy. Curley’s wife still fantasises about the possibility of being in a movie, even though that moment has long gone. Crooks wishes he had the same respect his father had when he was a landowner, when he is talking to Lennie he says: â€Å"If I say something, why it’s just a nigger sayin’ it. â€Å"; Crooks craves his voice to be heard, for people to recognise him as a person and not just a ‘nigger’. To Crooks, it must have seemed like his one dream would never materialize. Moreover, the story portrays each character as the ‘Common Man’ who will always be relatively anonymous and powerless, even though dreams are made and plans are prepared, Steinbeck sets each characters position and makes sure that I t never does and never can change. A lonely and antisocial air haunts all of the characters all appear suspicious of George and Lennie’s friendship and none of them appear to have a good relationship with their ‘fellow man’. Even the name of the place in which the story is set, Soledad, is Spanish meaning loneliness or lonely place. Curley does not have a good relationship with his wife: â€Å"I don’ like Curley, he ain’t a nice fella'†, she continually wanders about the ranch, seeking some kind of familiarity; Curley himself is always one step behind whenever he is searching for her. It seems as though no one is safe from the solitude that engulfs them all, not even in the institute of marriage. Crooks is underlined as an outsider because of the segregation that exists in the bunkhouses, his anti social actions are fuelled by his seemingly utter contempt and hatred of friendships and people behaving amicably toward each other. He avoids contact with other people and will even go as far as to avoid it. He has effectively stated, ‘this is my space, keep out of it’ Crooks emphasises his will for solitude by tormenting Lennie and asking him what he would do if George left him. Crooks revels in his torment by frightening Lennie onto the threshold of isolation, something for which, George and Lennie have unique resilience. Even George eventually succumbs to the atmosphere of loneliness and frequently plays Solitaire whenever Lennie isn’t around. Also, no one in the story seems to be allowed the human comfort of his own possessions, except Crooks, who substitutes friends for his belongings. Candy is denied his dog, his only true companion, Curley deprived of his wife and George who is continually refused ‘the good life’ of a more fixed home and continuity in life. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Coursework Topics and Ideas You Won’t Resist

Coursework Topics and Ideas You Won’t Resist College and university students are required to write different types of academic papers, and coursework is one of them. In order to write coursework, students usually have to conduct independent research on a particular topic presenting both its theoretical backgrounds and own scientific conclusions. The main difficulty in writing coursework lies in need to present an in-depth analysis of a topic that is relevant and needs investigation. Besides, any coursework should have scientific novelty and be based on credible and reliable data. The nature of coursework can be different depending on a particular scientific field or discipline. For example, coursework in Literature can be based on the literary analysis of a particular work or several works or personal interpretations of a certain literary style or period. In order to write coursework in Biology, one may need to conduct some experiments, run tests, and investigate the nature of certain organisms or other phenomena. For coursewor k in Mathematics, one can use data retrieved from accurate calculations and investigate different approaches to a particular mathematical problem or puzzle. To write perfect coursework, a student should first choose an effective topic. This stage is one of the most important in writing coursework. A student should find a captivating topic that needs investigation and can be developed in an interesting and informative independent research. The topic should be relevant and not outdated. Besides, it should be not too general and at the same time not too narrow. Finally, the topic should correspond to one’s interests and background knowledge. While choosing a topic, a student should follow all the professor’s requirements. Also, it is helpful when a professor provides students with a list of suggested topics. Topics and Ideas for Coursework In case you have to choose a topic by yourself, here are some examples of the topics you can use for your coursework. The Impact of the Lost Generation on 20th Century Literature The Lost Generation was a group of artists who worked after World War II. Their talent was most vividly presented in literature and has significantly impacted the literary process of that time at large. If you choose this topic, you can research the way literary themes and motives prevailing in the works of the Lost Generation have enriched the literary tradition and have reinforced a shift in people’s values and attitudes. In particular, you can discuss literary pieces by Ernest Hemingway, Francis Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Erich Maria Remarque, and others. Persuasive Techniques in Advertising The research on this topic can include the analysis of different methods of persuasion applied in visual, textual, and audio advertisements. You can explore particular advertisements and make conclusions on purpose, for which advertising companies use certain features and methods. Also, you can approach persuasive techniques from the audience’s point of view by investigating how they impact a person’s mind. The Impact of Religion on Economic Growth The role of religion in society is a question that has long been discussed. In today’s globalized world, it is important to discuss the role religious beliefs play in countries’ economic growth and productivity. For this topic, you can use Max Weber’s â€Å"The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism† and compare his assumptions with the existing situation that can be observed in the modern world. It will also be useful to base your research on statistical data covering the economic state of particular countries and regions about religions that are predominant there. The Architecture of the Aztec Empire The Aztec civilization is known to be highly developed in different spheres beginning from economy and religion and ending with social and political organization. The Aztecs are particularly famous for art and architecture. Because Aztec architecture is mainly presented by the remains that are still standing, it is especially important to investigate their nature and style. If you choose this topic, you can focus on particular aspects, such as architectural styles used by Aztecs, symbolism in Aztec architecture, engineering technologies, or the connection of architecture with the Aztec culture at large. The Benefits and Risks of Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence is one of the innovations of modern technologies, which is expected to become mainstream in a few years. Thus, it is important to evaluate its potential impact on different spheres of social life. For this topic, you may need to make an overview of the existing technologies and innovations containing elements of artificial intelligence and identify the main benefits and risks that are already visible from different points of view. Besides, you can evaluate the role of artificial intelligence as it will be based on reliable information about the main tendencies and perspectives of this particular field. For example, you may consider the benefits and risks that artificial intelligence will cause in science, education, economics, politics, and social interactions. Non-verbal Means of Communication The coursework in this topic can discuss different non-verbal means of communication. In particular, you can focus your research on the way how body language enhances expression in particular situations. Besides, you can analyze the way in which certain non-verbal techniques are perceived by other people based on their cultural beliefs and social norms. The Drawbacks of a Democratic Political System While traditionally democracy is viewed as an ideal political system, nowadays, more and more experts are drawing attention to its drawbacks. Reevaluation of democracy regarding the overall changes occurring in social organization, economics, and public opinion is of significant importance today. That is why this topic can be particularly effective and informative as it gives space for independent research and scientific hypotheses. At the same time, while identifying the key disadvantages of modern democracy, you should provide an in-depth analysis of the leading political scientists and other experts’ points of view. Implications of Alcohol on Violence and Crime In this topic, a student can show the interrelation between alcohol consumption and the increased likelihood of committing a crime or acting violently. The issue can be explored from the physiological perspective as well as from the psychological one. In particular, you can explain how alcohol affects a person’s brain and reactions as well as influences psychological stability and even reinforces the distortions of reality. The Importance of Following Ethics in a Psychological Research Psychological research is often based on experiments that involve numerous participants. Apparently, in order to keep the participants safe as well as to ensure the highest objectivity of the gained results, it is important to follow the basic principles of ethics during the research. In this topic, you can review cases, in which psychologists acted unethically, and describe the impact their actions had on both the participants and the study itself. Also, you should describe the most common situations, in which following the Ethics Code is essential, and identify the main obstacles and difficulties of psychological research from the ethical perspective. Gambling from the Psychological Perspective The whole industry of casinos, lotteries, and prediction markets are spreading all over the world, and many people become addicted to gambling. However, the fact is that some people simply enjoy gambling and sometimes take part in occasional events or games that are considered as gambling, while others become dependent on gambling and easily lose control over themselves. In this topic, you can discuss by what psychological mechanisms the gamblers’ behavior is preconditioned and what the typical traits and behavioral characteristics that they have in common are. You should concentrate on analyzing gambling as an addiction that is associated with psychological problems. The Effects of the World Wide Web and Digital Downloading on the Music Industry The use of the Internet and digital downloading has strongly impacted the music industry. In particular, it is mainly affected by the illegal downloading of music. In your coursework, you can explain the negative impacts of illegal downloading and discuss in what ways the music industry suffers from it. Besides, you can offer ways in which producers and musicians can eliminate their losses caused by this illegal practice. The Impact of Social Media on the Psychological State Nowadays, more and more people are being exposed to social media. That is why particular attention has been drawn to the impact of social media on people’s psychological state. If you choose this topic, you can develop a questionnaire and ask people about the effects social media usage has on their lives. Also, you can review the latest psychological studies on this topic and concentrate, for instance, on the way social media is connected to depression and anxiety. Another option is to evaluate both the advantages and disadvantages of social media and propose effective ways to eliminate potential risks. Effective Methods to Prevent High School Bullying High school bullying is an intense issue that has become particularly widespread in the United States; thus, this topic needs an immediate and comprehensive investigation. It is particularly important to understand why it happens and what children are at risk. This coursework can provide an overview of accurate examples of schools and organizations taking measures to stop bullying. On the basis of this overview, a student can propose other effective methods to prevent high school children from bullying. Cybersecurity and Cyberwar In the modern digital era, the notion of cybersecurity has become particularly relevant and significant. Nowadays, as more and more hacking crimes are happening all over the world, the Internet has made people and computers vulnerable to cyber attacks. That is why in this topic, a student should discuss the notions of cybersecurity and cyberwar, explain why hacking crimes happen, and propose ways to secure personal information from cyber attacks based on reliable information. Linguistic Features of Political Speeches Political speeches are usually designed in a way that makes people trust the speaker and follow him or her. The topic may consider the techniques and methods used on lexical and syntactical linguistic levels to create a certain image in people’s consciousness and convey important messages. For example, you can concentrate on how a particular politician uses stylistically marked words to make ordinary people believe that he is one of them or to create an image of himself as a successful and determined leader. Discrimination in Education The topic can cover information about different forms of discrimination and concentrate on how they impact education. Besides, you can conduct a study using a questionnaire and ask students at your college or university about their experiences involving discrimination in education. Also, the topic can be approached from a psychological perspective. In this case, you can focus on the effects discrimination has on a person’s psychological well-being as well as on the process of shaping outlooks, individual values, and attitudes. Effective Ways of Treating Sleep Disorders The topics in Health Care can be particularly difficult to cover as they may need to use experimental data, and this topic is not an exception. For your coursework, you can experiment and learn in practice what ways of treating sleep disorders are particularly effective. Besides, you can explore how the treatment of a sleep disorder depends on age, gender, temperament, and other individual characteristics. The Human Body Reaction to Prolonged Steroid Use The use of steroids is a topic that needs discussion because many people nowadays, especially sportsmen, use them irrationally. This topic implies that you should explore the effects that prolonged steroid use has on the human body. In particular, it is important to investigate what are the particular body reactions to prolonged use of steroids and how these reactions impact the overall physical well-being in the long-term perspective. The Difference Between Men and Women’s Use of Body Language This topic can focus on particular body language techniques that are typical for men and women. Also, you can explore how the use of body language of both men and women may differ depending on a communicative situation. Plus, it is vital to highlight the difference between the typical features of the use of body language of men and women. Animal Experimentation The coursework in this topic should reveal important data on how medicines and cosmetics are tested on animals. A student can briefly discuss the aspects of inhumane and unethical behavior, which lie beyond animal experimentation. Also, you can explore possible ways to decrease or forbid animal testing and change this method into a more humane one. Conclusion All things considered, coursework writing is an essential part of the studying process. Students can be required to write coursework in different disciplines. The nature of coursework strongly depends on a particular field of studies. The success in writing coursework lies in choosing a catchy topic that will be captivating and informative. The topic of your research should correspond to your interests and knowledge. This will definitely make coursework writing an easy and exciting process. Besides, while writing coursework, you have to follow the professor’s requirements concerning format, structure, and content of your coursework. You should cite all the used sources properly and avoid plagiarism. Even if some idea is paraphrased and taken from an outside source indirectly, it should be cited. Also, it is essential to follow the topic accurately and develop informative independent research on it. It means that you have to develop a coherent and consistent work that combines your theoretical knowledge and practical skills.